![]() Internal diameter determines the necessary pressure for moving the syringe plunger and the velocity with which the irrigant is extruded. Common injection needles have an external diameter of 0.40 mm (27 gauge), but special irrigation tips with external diameters of 0.30 mm (30 gauge) are available as well5. 1).ĭiameter of the root canal: Several studies showed that apical preparation to file #40 and adequate taper (.04) is needed for the irrigant to be exchange at the apical portion.6,7Įxternal diameter of the needle is of relevance for the depth of introduction into the root canal and for rigidity of the tip, which is important for irrigation of curved canals. Penetration depth of the needle: It has to be considered that the size and length of the irrigation needle (in relation to root canal dimensions) is of utmost importance for the effectiveness of irrigation (Fig. ![]() The biological function of the irrigants is related to their antimicrobial effect.4Įfficacy of root canal irrigation in terms of debris removal and eradication of bacteria depends on several factors such us:5 The mechanical objective involves the following: (1) flushing out debris, (2) lubricating the canal, (3) dissolving organic and inorganic tissue and (4) bleaching. To comprehend how irrigation works, it is important to understand the two main objectives of irrigation: mechanical and biological. It is the purpose of this article to present an overview on irrigating solutions in endodontics and some new devices to improve the delivery to the apical portion of the root canal system. Clinical experience and research have shown, however, that this classic approach typically results in ineffective irrigation. ![]() Irrigants have traditionally been delivered into the root-canal space using syringes and metal needles of different size and tip design. Biomechanical cleaning and shaping of the root canal greatly reduces the number of bacteria.2 Nevertheless, studies have shown that bacteria often persist.3 Therefore, irrigation with strong antibacterial agents is imperative to complete the cleaning and shaping process. Bacteria in the root canal system provoke the formation of periapical inflammatory lesions.1 The aim of root canal treatment is to eliminate bacteria from the infected root canal and to prevent re-infection.
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